Studia z architektury nowoczesnej / Studies on the Modern Architecture
Studia z architektury nowoczesnej / Studies on the modern architecture - is a journal devoted to modern and contemporary architecture, urban studies and thought on architecture. Studia z architektury nowoczesnej / Studies on the modern architecture were prepared by the Department of History of Modern Art, Faculty of Fine Arts, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń (UMK) and published by the Nicolaus Copernicus University Publishing House. From 2013 journal is prepared as annual - with articles in Polish (with English summary) or English - by the Polish Institute of World Art Studies (PISnSŚ) with the Department of History of Modern Art, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń and edited by PISnSŚ and the Tako Publishing House. Editor: Dr. Joanna Kucharzewska.
Polski Instytut Studiów Nad Sztuką Świata / Polish Institute of World Art Studies
Zachodni Rejon Centrum w kontekście historii powojennego rozwoju zabudowy Śródmieścia Warszawy
Western Center Area in the context of post-war Warsaw urban development This article briefly presents the history of a largely unbuilt urban project called the Western Center Area (Zachodni Rejon Centrum). Firstly a brief historical context is drawn, focused on the results of wartime destruction brought upon Warsaw, and the early post-war rebuilding projects. The narrative is followed by a quick sketch of the communist cultural agendas in the 1950s, and their influence on the rebuilding process and urban development – firstly the strict Stalinist ideas, exemplified by monumental socialist-realism projects, and the “modernist revival” instigated by the 1956 political shift (the so-called “Thaw”). The aforementioned “modernist revival” resulted in new, large-scale, state-funded urban projects, that aimed to transform Warsaw into a modern metropolis, while also displaying the capabilities of the socialist state. The largest of them, constructed between 1961 and 1970, called the “Eastern Wall” (Ściana Wschodnia), was an ambitious and architecturally consistent project, that combined housing, trade, service and leisure. It also paved the way for the implementation of high rise architecture in the vicinity of the dominant Culture and Science Palace (Pałac Kultury i Nauki). After that the narrative switches to the western part of the city centre, describing the architectural projects the predated the Western Centre Area, and impacted its future development. Then the project itself is presented, with a brief analysis of its programme, aims, brief formal analysis, and followed by the history of its partial completion. This part ends with a quick stylistic analysis, highlighting the project’s clear connections with western architecture and international modernist aesthetics. The aim of this article is to bring attention to highly interesting history of the post-war development of Warsaw Midtown (Śródmieście). The Western Center Area was supposed to be the highlight of the 1970s vision of a modern capital, aimed specifically at fulfilling the needs of tourists from across the world. Its ideas remain potent well into this day, and still shape the capital’s image.
Copyright (c) 2025 Studia z architektury nowoczesnej / Studies on the Modern Architecture
Nowoczesność ubrana w gotyk – Woolworth Building w Nowym jorku
Woolworth Building in New York, modernity dressed in gothic The Woolworth Building was erected in Manhattan, New York. When it was completed in 1913, it was the tallest building in the world with its 241 meters heights. Its name comes from the family name of its investor Frank Woolworth, the founder of the 5- and 10-cent chain of stores that have dominated america and europe for many decades. the building was designed by the American architect Cass Gilbert, who moved his studio to New York at the end of the 19th century. Before he started working for Woolworth, he had completed many designs, e.g. United States Custom House and Broadway Chambers, both in New York. The Woolworth Building has become one of the most recognizable and popular landmarks of New York. Even before the construction, not only the New York press but also European newspapers, including Polish ones were reporting on the tallest building in the world and its modern engineering solutions. Stefan Bryła, a famous Polish constructor, did not miss the Woolworth Building construction site during his trip around america and was impressed by the scale and organization of work on this building. the edifice built with the most modern technological solutions acquired Gothic forms. This style was obtained by covering the facade with decorative terracotta. The tower crowning the building is particularly rich in Gothic ornaments. The interior, which includes a swimming pool, a club, cafes, and apart from typical offices, various other commercial premises, including a bank, has also been richly arranged. The lobby is decorated with sculptures, mosaics, and marbles. No costs were spared for offices – the most impressive one belonged to Woolworth. The edifice was an independent, self-sufficient facility with all the comforts for its users. the woolworth Building is an architectural monument of his investor and creator, who decided to dress the most modern solutions of the then technology in a medieval style. Gilbert did it with good taste and the building is still one of the most popular in New York.
Dawna architektura żydowska we Lwowie: okresy i kierunki rozwoju
Former Jewish architecture in Lviv: periods and directions of the development The article is an attempt of analysis of stylistic transformations in the jewish architecture of Lviv of the period the 13th century – September 1939. Historical, political, economic and socio-cultural conditions have been lodged so, that Lviv has been formed as unique city, in architectural stratigraphy which it is possible clearly to detect different stylish blocks – the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, the mannerism, the baroque and the Rococo, Classicism, neostyles of the historicism, secession, art déco, the functionalism and other. They are characteristic of the building development of historical Jewish districts and streets of Lviv of layerings up temporary, socio-cultural and stylistic. analysis of architectural and artistic features of the jewish building development according to this typology is inseparably associated with historical periods of the development of the city, and at the same time according to the evolution of styles.
Tablice pamiątkowе w przestrzeni miejskiej Charkowa: polskie akcenty
Memorial plaques in Kharkiv urban space: Polish emphasis The article analyzes the place of the Polish element in the commemoration of the past in the spatial dimension of Kharkiv. For several centuries, the Polish community for which a geographically distant Kharkiv has become a temporary or permanent home, has been represented in the ethnic context of the city. The author outlined two categories of Polish figures, to whom ten memorial plaques were installed in 1998-2018. The first includes the world-famous Henryk Siemiradzki, Adam Mickiewicz, Jozef Piłsudski, and Tadeusz Brzezinski. The second group consists of Poles, whose work has made the world of ordinary Kharkiv residents more comfortable, safer, more beautiful: doctor Vladislav Frankovsky, photographer Alfred Fedetsky, composer Konstanty Gorski, philanthropist Mykola Gedroyts, Count Seweryn Potocki, whose name is associated with the creation of the imperial university. A separate plaque concerns honoring the memory of the fallen Poles, victims of the Stalinist regime. The author used a peculiar analysis algorithm: a brief historical background, location, initiator and opening ceremony, location of elements on the board, coverage of the event in the media. The conclusions include the following points: signs of Polish memory, located in the city center, on the one hand, form the image of the local Polish community as an environment from which came famous figures who became part of the symbolic space of the city, and on the other hand the presence of boards forms the image of Kharkiv as a territory of ethnic tolerance. Given that the urban space is an arena of struggle between the categories of „memory” and „oblivion” of the ethnic groups represented in it, the Polish community of Kharkiv belongs to the category of „memory”, perpetuating itself in the memorial plaques of its prominent representatives.Therefore, the term „Polish” Kharkiv in a sense can be used to describe one of the symbolic spaces that make up the common space of a modern metropolis.
Wallace’s Fountains in Paris Wallace fountains were built in Paris in 1872–1873. The purpose of this installation was to ensure an unlimited access to a drinkable water for citizens who needed it the most. This idea came from Sir Richard Wallace, an English rich art collector who lived in Paris for years. For him, Paris was like a second capital city. the agreement with the city of Paris allowed him to sponsor the production of fifty fountains made of cast iron. Those, were placed strategically in the new districts dedicated to workers. we can find four different models of these fountains. The first, the biggest kind, was made off richly decorated columns and decorated with water nymphs’s sculptures. the second, is a bit similar to the first. Instead of nymphs, we can observe smaller columns. The third, is an applied ornament fixed to a wall while the fourth is a decorated post with a button. the design of wallace fountains came from fountains we could find in London at that time: the drinking fountains. In London, they were built to fight alcoholism and to ensure a good hygiene for the poor. Today, Wallace fountains are still working and are a typical and an essential element of this urban space.
Sztuka na dworcach kolejowych w Japonii i Europie
Art at railway stations in Japan and Europe Since the 1990s, railway companies have succeeded in improving the station design. Railway stations have become modern and multifunctional facilities, relying heavily on commerce and services. Art and culture have also been applied with various effects to popularize railways. In some cases, the art was coordinated according to the design concept of the station, in others it was used as decoration. It has been found that the “art in transit” used at railway stations has a rare opportunity to be admired and enjoyed by a wide audience. Analyzed examples include Japanese and European railway and subway stations. The stations with art have been divided into four types. The typology introduced in this paper was based on the role played by the art at the station and its relationship to the station design. The most inclusive type – total design employs art as an essential part of the design concept. in the conclusion the notion, that visual art, performing arts and culture at the station have great potential to connect stations with people, revive railways and build new quality brands for railway companies was expressed. New public space created at the stations can be an important urban asset for the future.
Codzienna sztuka praktykowania miasta – taktyki chodzenia, pamiętania, wyobrażania i ewokowania obrazów przestrzeni miejskich
Daily art of practicing the city; tactics of walking, remembering, imagining and evoking images of urban spaces In contemporary art, humanities and social sciences (the third wave of sociology) there is a clear tendency to value the colloquiality and everyday practices of ordinary people. it is assumed that this is an area of reality that is effectively being created; social, cultural reality and that related to identity narratives. It is also assumed that contemporary man remains a participant of the dynamic game of assigning meanings in society, within which he has a limited but real field of freedom and creativity. One such area of human creative activity is the city space, where the “art of action” is practised every day, resulting in the creation of new imaginative figures of the city and, on the other hand, in the transformation of the subject itself in relation to the broadly understood urban space. These are vitalistic, process-oriented and “virtual” relations, based on how the subject undergoes a multifaceted (work of memory, imagination, senses) experience of certain elements of the city and evokes certain images of the city. The text refers to the personal experience of the author of the narrative and the place (Toruń, Rubinkowo I) which has become the subject of such interpretations.
Architektura miast. Refleksje o przestrzeni miejskiej od XIX do XXI wieku
Architecture of cities. Reflections on urban space from the 19th to the 21st century Imaginations about the city are changeable and diverse, sometimes built under the influence of generalized definitions based on historical and sociological research, but much more often they result from our individual experiences and memories. The eighth volume of Studies in Modern Architecture is a story about cities - diverse, colorful, with a unique atmosphere, characteristic smells and the luggage of history; about cities created by successive generations who hoped that they would become modern, that they would be islands of freedom and a place friendly to life. The volume includes studies on Parisian fountains, commemorative plaques in Kharkiv, and the Jewish architectural heritage in Lviv. Through the Woolworth skyscraper, we will move to New York’s Manhattan from the beginning of the 20th century. We will take a walk around the city of Warsaw and a modernist block of flats, as well as a journey through the stations of Japan and Europe, which not only perform a function related to public transport, but also constitute a modern culture-forming space.
Habitat stanu wyjątkowego – Pojazd dla bezdomnych (1988-1989) Krzysztofa Wodiczki. Koncepcja zaangażowanej społecznie architektury mobilnej
Habitat of a state of emergency – the Homeless Vehicle Project (1988-1989) by Krzysztof Wodiczko. The concept of socially-engaged mobile architecture The prototype of the Homeless Vehicle Project mobile home by the Polish artist Krzysztof Wodiczko, dating from 1988-1989, is an important example of a connection between the practice of visionary architecture and the search for a redefinition of contemporary society. The article considers the project by the Polish artist from the perspective of the development of the concept of mobile architecture in the history of Western architecture from the 1960s. The first part of the text presents a brief summary of the theory and practice of the concept of the mobile habitat and its relations with new visions and proposals for a modern society. The second part discusses the Homeless Vehicle Project by Wodiczko, understood as a realisation of the concept of mobile architecture in contemporary society.
Pałace dla ludu? Między ideologią a kształtowaniem środowiska mieszkaniowego w Łodzi w latach 1949-1956 na przykładzie dzielnicy Bałuty
Palaces for the People? Between ideology and the shaping of the residential environment in Łódź between 1949 and 1956 on the example of the Bałuty district Despite political changes, transformations in the sphere of culture and architecture and the application of the doctrine of Socialist Realism, the housing estates that were built in the first post-war decade were rooted in modernist practices and, more broadly speaking, in concepts of modernization. Their program was largely consistent with the pre-war discourse of reconstruction and idea of social housing. Propaganda and ideological currents were also strongly intertwined with pragmatic, economic currents. Łódź had exceptional housing needs, since it was still struggling with the effects of rapid industrialization during the previous century. In the first post-war decade several housing complexes were built in the city, which did not solve the problem of mass housing, but exhibited features symptomatic of that period. This phenomenon is exemplified by the first and largest housing complex built in Łódź after the war, the Bałuty district. Its fragmentary implementation and its insertion into the existing urban fabric resulted in the creation of a specific hybrid form, which also indicated the non-monolithic nature of Socialist Realism and differing assumptions as regards (theoretically unified) residential architecture.
Prefabrykowana przez firmę Christoph & Unmack dawna willa Waltera Hentschela na ul. Chopina 25 we Wrocławiu. Historia budowy i technika budowlana w świetle badań architektonicznych
Budynki mieszkalne z okrzesków kamienia młyńskiego w regionie paryskim
Millstone residential buildings of the Paris region The first millstone houses in Paris and the surrounding area were built at the beginning of the 20th century. These constructions were made possible by the presence of numerous local quarries, which were rich in such deposits. When the solid stone was extracted for the production of mill wheels, a finer ore was created. This ore was then used to build roads, bridges, houses or other buildings. Wide access to this material and its low cost resulted in the construction of typical suburban villas, individual houses as well as numerous multi-family houses for workers in and around Paris. However, after World War II, the need for millstone drastically decreased and most of the quarries stopped their activities. This popular stone was then replaced by concrete and bricks, whose production was faster and cheaper.
Willa architekta Henryka Marconiego w warszawie
Villa of architect Henryk Marconi in Warsaw The no-longer existing seat of architect Henryk Marconi at the intersection of Jerozolimskie Avenue and Marszalkowska Street in Warsaw is one of the particularly interesting residences built in the 19th century. The construction of this project covered three major stages, from 1843 to around 1862. The final layout consisted of four two-story buildings connected by one-story galleries, formed into two „wings” with lengths corresponding to the dimensions of the plot. Distinguished by its original concept, the building was intended to be perceived as a sign of the owner’s achieved professional and social status, while demonstrating his artistic beliefs and intellectual horizons. The work highlighted not only Marconi’s creative abilities and ambitions, but also reflected the artistic processes taking place in local architecture. Marconi’s Neo-Renaissance residence also provides evidence of the remarkable longevity of the idea of the artist’s home, which was particularly vivid during the Renaissance. On the basis of iconographic accounts and hitherto unknown and untapped written sources, the article presents new findings about the architecture of the villa foundation, enabling its reconstruction. They significantly supplement the history of the construction, but also open interesting research perspectives on the artistic genesis, function, significance, and finally the place the palace occupied among the trends shaping the architecture of Warsaw at that time.
Renesansowy dwór w Wojcieszowie Górnym (obecnie pałac Bergmanna) i jego przekształcenia od końca XVI do początku XX wieku
The Renaissance manor house in Wojcieszów Górny (currently the Bergmann Palace) and its transformation from the late 16th to the beginning of the 20th century The article discusses the results of architectural research on the Renaissance manor house (currently the Bergmann Palace) in Wojcieszów. A description of the structure is presented at the beginning of the article, the earlier literature is discussed and the history of ownership traced from the 16th to the beginning of the 20th century. In the light of the research conducted, it emerged that the construction of the manor house was determined at the end of the 16th century. The original concept was a rectangle with dimensions of 27 by 15 metres with an adjacent kitchen to the south. The body was shaped as a two-story building with dormers on the axis of the longer elevations. The north facade was given a regular seven-axis composition with windows framed with stone fascia. The interiors were arranged in a two-tract three-bay layout with a hall and staircase in the central bay. A two-story annex was added to the east elevation, probably at the end of the 17th century. The most substantial transformation affecting the manor house occurred during the reconstruction carried out in 1891-1892 at the initiative of Richard von Bergmann, according to the project of Wrocław (Breslau) architect Wilhelm Rehnius. During these works a wing with a tower was added to the western facade, while the eastern annex was enlarged and the interiors were transformed. The palace was partially burned down in 1930.
Architektura mieszkaniowa – pałace, wille, domy, budynki wielorodzinne
Residential architecture – palaces, villas, houses, multi-family buildings. Introduction In Modern Architecture is devoted to residential architecture. Each of the six studies deals with a different type of housing development: a Renaissance manor house in Wojcieszów Górny converted at the end of the 19th century into the Bergmann Palace; a private villa in Warsaw by Henryk Marconi; frontage buildings made from the remnants of millstone production in Haussmann’s Paris; a prefabricated wooden villa manufactured by Christoph & Unmack; multi-family housing in the socialist-realist style in the Bałuty district of Łódź; an avant-garde mobile home by Krzysztof Wodiczko. The authors – representatives of various scientific centers at home and abroad – while discussing selected examples of housing construction, also present the methodology of research, presenting differing scientific outlooks, differing cognitive paths, aiming to answer the question of the original idea of the house, whether it was realized according to its assumptions, the form in which it has survived to the present day, and analysing its value and significance.
Relacje elementów funkcji w przestrzeni zmiennej. Sala mobilna Politechniki Bydgoskiej
The relation of functional elements in flexible spaces: the variable hall in the Bydgoszcz University of Technology. The hall with its multiple forms of functioning in the newly erected building of the Bydgoszcz University of Technology is intended to stimulate the need for a student culture and its development – something that disappeared completely in the 1990s due to the political and economic transformations of the time. The academic community on the university campus will be able to participate actively in cultural events, and also to operate creatively. The integration of teaching, and perhaps more broadly of science and culture, formed the programmatic basis to the spatial assumptions of the project. The functional solution adopted uses modern technologies of image and sound transmission as well as moveable walls and equipment, allowing for the shaping of both didactic and performance spaces in accordance with the current requirements of either academic teachers or creative performers. Słowa kluczowe: Bydgoszcz; przestrzeń mobilna; sala zmienna. Keywords: Bydgoszcz; flexible spaces; variable hall.
Copyright (c) 2024 Studia z architektury nowoczesnej / Studies on the Modern Architecture
Akustyczna przestrzeń dla muzyki. Unikatowe efekty współpracy studia architektonicznego Tomasza Koniora z zespołem Nagata Acoustics
Acoustic space for music: the unique effects of the cooperation between the architectural studio of Tomasz Konior and the Nagata acoustics team Music connoisseurs judge architectural objects intended for music listeners in terms of their acoustic qualities. At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries three concert halls were particularly appreciated by the public: the Gewandhaus in Leipzig, the Concertgebouw in Amsterdam and the Symphony Hall in Boston. The latter was famous principally because it was the first time Wallace Sabine, a mathematician specializing in acoustics, had been engaged in collaboration with the designers responsible for the architectural form of the building. All three halls are rectangular shoebox spaces. It was only after the Second World War that Hans Scharoun introduced a new type of concert hall in Berlin, with a stage surrounded by rows of seats for the audience. Over time this type came to be referred to as a vineyard. When the Konior Studio architectural office began designing facilities for concert halls in Katowice, the acoustic quality of the halls was considered crucial for the designers. In the Symfonia concert hall in Katowice, Polish acoustic specialists were invited to collaborate with the architects, and while designing the home of the National Polish Radio Orchestra in Katowice and the State Music School Complex in Warsaw, the same architectural studio decided to collaborate with the Japanese company Nagata Acoustics. The author of the article analyzes the effects of this collaboration. Słowa kluczowe: akustyka; sale koncertowe; architektura; Konior Studio; XXI w. Key words: acoustucs; concert halls; architecture; Konior Studio; 21st century.
Metropolitan Opera w Nowym Jorku i jej polski projektant
The Metropolitan Opera House in New York and its Polish designer The new Metropolitan Opera House opened in 1966. The earlier building, on 39th Street, no longer met the functional requirements of the Metropolitan Opera, particularly in terms of its limited capacity. The new opera house was erected on a specially designated site in the Lincoln Center, in Upper Manhattan. The design of the opera house was entrusted to Wallace Kirkman Harrison, of Harrison & Abramowitz, a well-known American architect whose successfully realized projects included the Rockefeller Center. For the Metropolitan Opera he designed a spacious edifice on a rectangular plan, with an open façade, with five magnificent arches, and walls covered with travertine. Somewhat austere on the outside, it is extremely grand inside, its auditorium dominated by red and gold. The fully mechanized stage was provided with state-of-the-art equipment, and care was taken to provide excellent acoustics for the large, multi-story auditorium. The foyer of the opera house is decorated with two large murals by Marc Chagall, while the staircase is adorned with sculptures by Aristide Maillol. The foyer and auditorium are illuminated by Viennese chandeliers designed by Tadeusz Łęski.The Met is today one of the world’s finest opera houses, and the structure designed almost sixty years ago has stood the test of time as regards both form and function. Słowa kluczowe: opera; Nowy Jork; Metropolitan Opera. Key words: opera house; New York; Metropolitan Opera House.
Inspiracje motywami lokalnymi w architekturze obiektów kultury początków XXI w. jako element budowy tożsamości lokalnej
The inspiration of local motifs in the architecture of buildings for artistic activities in the early 21st century as an element of the creation of local identity The subject of the article is an analysis of examples of the use of local motifs that were utilised in the architectural designs of buildings for artistic activities in the first two decades of the 21st century. The use of local features in contemporary architecture is mainly associated with ideas of critical regionalism, new vernacularism, and a wide range of new design methods and strategies that have not been applied in the past. Buildings for artistic activities, through their meaning, often going beyond the local context, can become carriers of identity in a globalised world. The article attempts to introduce a typology of the principles of local inspiration, presenting them in a broader ideological perspective. Słowa kluczowe: Architektura współczesna; obiekty kultury; forma architektoniczna; regionalizm. Keywords: Contemporary architecture; cultural objects; architectural form; localism.
Nowe teatry „Gardzienic”. Eksperymenty tradycyjnych idei w odwiecznym pielgrzymowaniu form
The new theatres of Gardzienice: experiments with traditional ideas in the eternal pilgrimage of forms The Gardzienice Theatre is an avant-garde theatre, while at the same time remaining traditional. It draws upon the sources of traditional local borderland cultures. The Theatre discloses in a remarkable manner the relationship between the world of culture and that of nature – of the human individual, the micro- and the macrocosm, and of the transcendental world. This article presents the project to adapt and develop the Gardzienice Theatre, as the location for creative encounters between people of various traditions, cultures, nationalities and religions.The project attempts to adapt in an ideological manner to the ethos of the theatre. Using the language of symbols and archetypes by means of the forms and orders of architecture and urban planning composition, it strives to transmit the ideological values of theatrical initiation into the space of culture and nature. Słowa kluczowe: sztuka sakralna; symbol; archetyp; teatr; rytuał; kosmos; natura; wieś; pogranicze; restauracja; historia. Key words: sacred art; symbol, archetype; theatre; ritual; cosmos; nature; village; borderland; restauration; history.
Theatre on the move – on land and on water Industrialisation and technological innovations, extending into ever new areas, have forced many social changes. The human environment has transformed into a busy, built-up space full of diverse stimuli with an accelerated rhythm of life. The world has become more accessible, to be experienced not only by the chosen few. Mobility and the often nomadic nature associated with it have turned out to be the hallmarks of the 20th and 21st centuries. Polish theatre collectives also participate in all these processes, reaching a wide audience through various routes and means of transport (train, ship, barge) in a spirit of inclusion and democratisation. It can be said that by leaving the stationary building, artists and creators have mastered land and water, conquering new and sometimes virgin territory for the art of theatre. The article recalls and presents the activities of just a few of them – Reduta, Cricot, the Polish Academic Theatre, the Mazovian Land Theatre and ephemeral initiatives – Jerzy Przeździecki’s amateur floating stage and the multimedia barge whose activities were initiated by the author of the article. Słowa kluczowe: nomadyczność; mobilność; podróże bliższe i dalsze; pociąg; statek; barka; miasto i prowincja; laboratoria teatralne; kolektywność; demokratyzacja; dostępność; egalitaryzm; bliżej widowni; wspólnota; architektura teatru; przestrzenie nieteatralne; kontekst przyrodniczy; zwrot ku rzekom. Keywords: nomadism; mobility; short and long term journeys; trains; ships; barges; city and province; theatre laboratories; collectivism; democratization; accessibility; egalitarianism; closer to the audience; community; theatre architecture; non-theatrical spaces; nature context; turn to rivers.
Budynki kultury – teatry, opery, filharmonie. Wprowadzenie
Buildings for artistic activities – theatres, opera houses and concert halls: an introduction The tenth volume of „Studies in modern architecture”, entitled Buildings for artistic activities –theatres, opera houses and concert halls, comprises six studies by authors representing various academic centres in Poland, who share their research and observations on contemporary architecture, while also discussing their own projects, tracing the progress from the idea, through the architectural concept, to the realisation of the structure. The book discusses the circumstances surrounding the creation of the Metropolitan Opera House in New York, with the specific participation of the Polish designer Tadeusz Łęski. It presents the unique projects of Tomasz Konior. Experimental solutions for theatrical stages are introduced by means of the examples of Gardzienice, peripatetic theatres (e.g. Reduta, Cricot and others) and spaces adapted for varying requirements. The volume includes analyses in the fields of architecture, art history, theatre studies and literary studies devoted to issues regarding the design of structures for artistic activities, creating spaces and making use of decorations, incorporating multiple functions into existing structures and attaining specific utility values, with particular emphasis on acoustic requirements.
Aula szkolna w XX wieku na przykładzie rozwiązania w gmachu VI Liceum Ogólnokształcącego w Bydgoszczy
Auditorium in the 20th century on the example of the building of the 6th High School in Bydgoszcz The economic development of Bydgoszcz at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries resulted in a significant increase in population. In order to meet the basic needs of education, new school buildings were built. One of the buildings constructed in the years 1846–1914 was the location of the present High School No. 6. The monumental building was erected in the north-eastern part of the then city. Due to its rank, it was designed as a civic school for boys (Bürgerschule), a spacious hall with a capacity of 270 people appeared on the plans. The location of the auditorium as a representative school hall is clear both in the shape of the building and in its functional and spatial arrangement. Unfortunately, over the years, it has lost its characteristic decor. Before the conservation and renovation works, there was no evidence that it was a room so richly decorated. Thanks to historical and conservation research, it was possible to restore the historic stucco and color solutions in the interior. The works carried out in 2020 allowed to increase the artistic value of the auditorium and its integrity with the body of the building.
Kształcenie i kształtowanie. Uniwersytet jako element miastotwórczy na przykładzie rozwoju szkół wyższych Poznania
Educating and forming. University as a city-forming element on the example of the development of higher education institutions in Poznań. The article deals with the importance of university infrastructure in terms of the development of the city, defining the social, economic and national identification of the region. It refers to the hundred years of the history of evolution of the city of Poznan, starting in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, the time when the region experienced intense and developmentally change of power. The author discusses the examples of the most important facilities that have been designed or transformed into university infrastructure facilities.